Management Yesterday and Today

1、Division of labor : 勞動分工

The breakdown of jobs into narrow and repetitive tasks.

即將工作分解為狹隘的重復性的任務。

2、Industrial revolution:

The advent of machine power mass production , and efficient transportation.

產業(yè)革命:機器動力的出現而帶來的產量的增加及運輸效率的提高。

3、Scientific management: 科學管理

The use of scientific method to determine the “one best way” for a job to be done.

運用科學方法確定從事工作的“最佳方式”。

4、Therbligs:分類體系

A classification scheme for labeling 17 basic hand motions.

一個分析了17種手的動作(如抓取,持握等)的體系。

5、General administrative theorists: 一般行政管理理論

Writers who developed general theories of what managers do and what constitutes good management practice.

筆者發(fā)展出了關于管理者做什么,以及什么構成了良好的管理實踐的更一般的理論。

6、Principles of management : 管理原則

Fundamental rules of management that could be taught in schools and applied in all organizational situations.

管理的一些基本原則, 他們能夠在學院里教授這些原則,并可用于所有的組織情景。

7、Bureaucracy: 官僚行政組織

A form of organization characterized by division of labor, a clearly defined hierarchy , detailed rules and regulations, and impersonal relationships.

這是一種組織形式,其特征依據勞動分工原則,具有清楚定義的層次,詳細的規(guī)則和規(guī)章制度,以及非個人的關系。

8、Quantitative approach: 數量方法:

The use of quantitative techniques to improve decision making.

是采用定量技術改進決策制定,這種方法也稱為運籌學和管理科學。

9、Organizational behavior (OB): 組織行為

The filed of study concerned with the actions (behavior) of people at work.

這個領域的研究涉及了工作中人的行為。

10、Hawthorne studies : 霍桑研究

A series of studies during the 1920s and 1930s that provided new insights in individual and group behavior.

在1920-1930期間進行的提供關于個別和小組舉止行為的新見解的一系列研究。

11、System: 系統

A set of interrelated and interdependent parts arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole.

是一組向互聯系和相互依賴的組成部分,它們共同構成一個統一的整體。

12、Closed systems: 封閉系統

Systems that are not influenced by or do not interact with their environment.

不與它所處的環(huán)境發(fā)生作用,不受環(huán)境的影響。

13、Open systems: 開放系統

Systems that dynamically interact with their environment.

動態(tài)地與它所處的環(huán)境發(fā)生作用。

14、Contingency perspective: 權變觀點(有時又稱為情境方式):

An approach that says that organizations are different,face different situations (contingencies), and require different ways of managing.

它強調這樣一個事實,因為組織不同,他們所面對的情境不同,因此可能要求不同的管理方式。

15、Workforce diversity: 勞動力多元化

A workforce that‘s more heterogeneous in terms of gender, race, ethnicity, age, and other characteristics that reflect differences.

即員工隊伍在性別,種族,民族,年齡和其他特征方面更加多樣化。

16、Entrepreneurship:創(chuàng)業(yè)精神/企業(yè)家精神

The process whereby an individual or a group of individuals uses organized efforts and means to create value and grow by fulfilling wants and needs through innovation an uniqueness, no matter what resources are currently controlled.

即某個人或者某個群體通過有組織的努力,以創(chuàng)新的和獨特的方式追求機會,創(chuàng)造價值和謀求增長,不管這些人手中是否擁有資源。

17、E-business(electronic business): 電子經營型企業(yè)

A comprehensive term describing the way an organization does its work by using electronic (internet based) linkages with its key constituencies in order to efficiently and effectively achieve its goals.

它描述了一個有組織通過電子聯結與它的關鍵利益相關者開展工作的方式,以便更有效率和更有效果地實現其目標。

18、E-commerce(electronic commerce) :電子商務

The sales and marketing component of e-business.

是企業(yè)與其利益方通過電子方式進行交換與交易的任何形式。

19、Intranet:企業(yè)內部網

An internal organizational communication system that uses internet technology and is accessible only by organizational employees.

一種組織內部的交流系統,它利用互聯網技術但是只允許組織內部人員進入該網絡,與處于全球各個場所的部門和人員進行交流。

20、Total quality management (TQM):全面質量管理

A philosophy of management that is driven by customer needs and expectations and focuses on continual improvement in work processes.

一種管理哲學,它被響應顧客需要和期望所驅動,并在工作過程中關注持續(xù)不斷地改進。

21、Learning organization:學習型組織

An organization that has developed the capacity to continuously learn, adapt, and change.

具有發(fā)展持續(xù)學習和適應變革的能力的組織。

22、Knowledge management:知識管理

Cultivating a learning culture in which organizational members systematically gather knowledge and share it with others in the organization to achieve better performance.

培育一種學習文化,在這種文化中組織成員能夠系統地收集知識和其他組織成員共享它,以便取的更好的成績。

 

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